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La guerre civile commence, mettant aux prises d’un côté les démocrates et les organisations ouvrières, de l’autre les militaires rebelles conduits par Franco et les partis de droite et d’extrême droite soutenus par l’Église. L’Espagne voit s’affronter directement les trois grandes tendances politiques qui marquèrent le début du siècle, les \" trois R \" : réforme, révolution et réaction. En 1939, cette dernière l’emporte, installant une dictature qui durera jusqu’en 1975. La guerre d’Espagne, souvent considérée comme la préfiguration de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, fut avant tout un conflit national, une guerre qui traversa les moindres villages, une véritable convulsion de toute la société espagnole. Une des premières histoires de cet affrontement crucial des années 1930 qui, loin des images d’Épinal et du discours militant, nous fait pénétrer au cœur des villages, des organisations et des institutions en guerre, et fait le point des recherches les plus récentes. 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