{"product_id":"nystagmus-rapid-eye-movements-a-simple-guide-to-the-condition-diagnosis-treatment-and-related-conditions","title":"Nystagmus, (Rapid Eye Movements) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eNystagmus is a symptom seen as a repetitive, involuntary, to and fro oscillation of the eyes.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIt may be congenital or acquired.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIt is a symptom, not a diagnosis.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIt is normally involuntary.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIt may be physiological or pathological:\u003cbr\u003e\r\nPhysiological nystagmus happens:\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\u003col\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eDuring rotation of the body in space (vestibular nystagmus) or\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eDuring ocular following of moving scenes and acts to preserve clear vision (optokinetic nystagmus).\u003cbr\u003e\r\nPathological nystagmus induces the eyes to drift away from the visual target, hence degrading the vision\u003cbr\u003e\r\nNystagmus is a form of fast, uncontrollable movements of the eyes that may be:\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eSide to side (horizontal nystagmus)\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eUp and down (vertical nystagmus)\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eRotary (rotary or torsional nystagmus)\u003cbr\u003e\r\nDependent on the cause, these movements may be in both eyes or in just one eye.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThe involuntary eye movements of nystagmus are produced by abnormal function in the areas of the brain that control eye movements.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThe part of the inner ear that senses movement and position (the labyrinth) helps regulate eye movements.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nCauses of Nystagmus\u003cbr\u003e\r\nNystagmus may occur from lesions or malfunctions in many parts of the optic (optokinetic nystagmus) and vestibular (vestibular nystagmus) systems.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nMost congenital nystagmus is neurological in origin, even though other important causes are:\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eAlbinism,\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eCongenital cataracts,\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eEye movement disorders and\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eVery high myopia or astigmatism.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nAcquired nystagmus\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThe most frequent cause of acquired nystagmus is certain drugs or medicines.\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003ePhenytoin (Dilantin) - an antiseizure medicine,\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eExcessive alcohol, or\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eSedating medicine\u003cbr\u003e\r\nAll these medicines can impair the labyrinth's function.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nOther causes are:\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eHead injury from motor vehicle accidents\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eInner ear disorders such as labyrinthitis or Meniere disease\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eStroke\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eThiamine or vitamin B12 deficiency\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eAny brain disease, such as brain tumors\u003cbr\u003e\r\nAcute nystagmus, with or without oscillopsia, may be linked with:\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eAtaxia,\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eReduced visual acuity and\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eFalls.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nSymptoms\u003cbr\u003e\r\nGenerally, late-acquired nystagmus and saccadic oscillations induce:\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eOscillopsia,\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eNausea and\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eVertigo\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIn contrast, most nystagmus manifesting congenitally or in early childhood is not followed by oscillopsia.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nMost patients with early-onset or congenital nystagmus also have decreased acuity.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nDiagnosis\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThe doctor will take a careful history and do a complete physical examination, focusing on the nervous system and inner ear.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThe doctor may ask the patient to wear a pair of goggles that magnify the eyes for part of the examination.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThe patient may have these tests:\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eCT scan of the head\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eElectro-oculography: An electrical method of measuring eye movements using tiny electrodes\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eMRI of the head\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003cli\u003eVestibular testing by recording the movements of the eyes\u003cbr\u003e\r\nTreatment\u003cbr\u003e\r\nHome Care\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThe patient may wish to make changes in the home to assist with dizziness, visual problems, or nervous system disorders.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThere is no treatment for most patients of congenital nystagmus.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nTreatment for acquired nystagmus is dependent on the cause.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIn some patients, nystagmus cannot be reversed.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIn instances due to medicines or infection, the nystagmus normally goes away after the cause has become better.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIt may be conservative, medical (e.g., gabapentin, baclofen) or surgical.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nThe surgical treatment is unusual and requires changing the insertion of the relevant extra-ocular muscles.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nNeurosurgery may be done where there is an underlying operable lesion.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nBotulinum toxin injections can decrease some nystagmic movements even though results are normally temporary.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nGabapentin and memantine have also some success at reducing the effects of acquired nystagmus and are useful for congenital nystagmus\u003c\/li\u003e\r\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIntroduction\u003cbr\u003e\r\nChapter 1 Nystagmus\u003cbr\u003e\r\nChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003e\r\nChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003e\r\nChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003e\r\nChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003e\r\nChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003e\r\nChapter 7 Vertigo\u003cbr\u003e\r\nChapter 8 Meniere’s Disease\u003cbr\u003e\r\nEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Livre numérique Kobo","offer_id":46336392822994,"sku":"e7c26df9-5f4f-3c6e-b588-5cf35bb5bd59","price":4.99,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/image_9e13f3d5-c9c8-4aed-a25d-abcbb61bc6c3.jpg?v=1762684625","url":"https:\/\/www.indigo.ca\/fr\/products\/nystagmus-rapid-eye-movements-a-simple-guide-to-the-condition-diagnosis-treatment-and-related-conditions","provider":"Indigo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}