Current military historiography has a tendency to portray the military effectiveness of non-western, post-colonial states in broad generalized stereotypes. This monograph examines the militaries of Nigeria, Argentina, Egypt and India in times of crisis to challenge these assumptions. The book shows that despite having broad similarities, each of these states had unique characteristics that impacted their military effectiveness in different ways. These key variables included the military institutions’ maturity and skill sets, the availability and management of human and material resources, and the quality of both civil and military leadership.