Overview
As each of these works came into use over the Carolingian era, its contributions merged into a progressively more ordered picture of the heavens. Both eccentrics and epicycles appeared by the 840s. These techniques were subsequently introduced clearly and qualitatively to complete the Carolingian enterprise. The primary tool for understanding this effort is the analysis of their diagrams.
Medieval and Early Modern Science, vol. 8
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Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance
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