The German Empire, or Holy Roman Empire of German N ation, was a loose federation of sovereign states* under an elective monarch. From Albert II. (1438) to Francis II. (deposed this monarch was chosen from the princes of the house of Hapsburg, whose chief hereditary estates were Austria, Tirol and Styria. At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, the electors were the princes of Bohemia, Saxony, Brandenburg, the Palatinate, Trier, Mainz and Cologne.

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