Excerpt from C sar, Vol. 2 of 2: A History of the Art of War Among the Romans Down to the End of the Roman Empire, With a Detailed Account of the Campaigns of Caius Julius C sar; With 258 Charts, Maps, Plans of Battles and Tactical Manoeuvres, Cuts of Armor, Weapons, and Engines

In sieges either towers were erected to override the wall, or else simple battering was resorted to at its foot. In the former case, so soon as the place had been approached, the army was camped, generally in several suitable locations, having heed to health, sustenance and Siege operations. Each camp was fox'tified by a stockade and ditch, and often much more elaborately. Communications were established between these camps, and a. Line of investment or con travallation - was drawn around the city. If there was'dan ger of an enemy's army coming to the relief of the place, another line of circumvallation was drawn outside the besieger's camps, facing outward to forestall an attempt to raise the Siege. Caesar generally uses the term circumval lation for what was earlier and more properly known as contravallation, - i. E., the works erected against a town.

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