Human beings have always been specialists, but over the past two centuries division of labor has become deeper, ubiquitous, and much more fluid. The form it now takes brings in its wake a series of problems that are simultaneously philosophical and practical, having to do with coordinating the activities of experts in different disciplines who do not understand one another. Because these problems are unrecognized, and because we do not have solutions for them, we are on the verge of an age in which decisions that depend on understanding more than one discipline at a time will be made poorly. Since so many decisions do require multidisciplinary knowledge, these philosophical problems are urgent.
Some of the puzzles that have traditionally been on philosophers' agendas have to do with intellectual devices developed to handle less extreme forms of specialization. Two of these, necessity and the practical "ought", are given extended treatment in Elijah Millgram's The Great Endarkenment. In this collection of essays, both previously published and new, Millgram pays special attention to ways a focus on cognitive function reframes familiar debates in metaethics and metaphysics. Consequences of hyperspecialization for the theory of practical rationality, for our conception of agency, and for ethics are laid out and discussed. An afterword considers whether and how philosophers can contribute to solving the very pressing problems created by contemporary division of labor.
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The Great Endarkenment: Philosophy In An Age Of Hyperspecialization
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The Great Endarkenment: Philosophy In An Age Of Hyperspecialization
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Elijah Millgram is E. E. Ericksen Professor of Philosophy at the University of Utah. The author of Practical Induction (1997), Ethics Done Right (2005), and Hard Truths (2009), he has held fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and the Guggenheim Foundation.
"Elijah Millgram is certainly one of the most original and independent minds of his generation. In his Endarkenment, Millgram offers a provocative perspective on the high-tech Dark Age, in which philosophy is called to deal with specialized knowledge as posing the deepest challenges to autonomy. Written with Millgram's characteristic verve, and forcefully argued, the book conceptualizes the notion of progress anew."
--Carla Bagnoli, Il Sole 24 ore
"This highly-inspiring book... contribute[s] to the whole range of philosophical sub-disciplines, in addition to considerations about meta-philosophy and the sociology of philosophy. I consider this book to be an invaluable treasure-box for philosophers working in very different areas... I encourage everyone to study this book very carefully and to expand on its ideas. You certainly won't regret it."
--Thomas Grote, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
"These always interesting, often brilliant, and contentious essays focus on the question of how we need to reason practically if we are to flourish, given Millgram's account of our human nature and of the environments that we inhabit. The originality of his thought is matched by his clarity and his wit."
--Alasdair MacIntyre, Department of Philosophy (Emeritus), University of Notre Dame
"The book is a rewarding one - richly argues, whilst being a genuinely good read. The writing is clear, bolding self-assured, and often very funny."
--A.B. Dickerson, Australasian Journal of Philosophy
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